What Happened When Vikings Attacked Monasteries

King of East Anglia, is killed by the DanesViking activity in the British Isles occurred during the, the 8th to the 10th centuries, when from travelled to and to settle, trade or raid. Those who came to the have been generally referred to as, but some scholars debate whether the term Viking represented all Norse settlers or just those who raided.At the start of the Early Medieval period, Norse kingdoms in Scandinavia had developed trade links reaching as far as southern Europe and the Mediterranean, giving them access to foreign imports such as silver, gold, bronze and spices. These trade links also extended westward into Ireland and Britain.In the last decade of the 8th century, Norse raiders sacked a series of Christian monasteries located in what is now the, beginning in 793 with a raid on the coastal monastery of on the north-east coast of. The following year they sacked the nearby, and in 795 they attacked again, raiding on 's west coast. Contents.Background During the Early Medieval period, Ireland and Britain were culturally, linguistically and religiously divided into various peoples. The languages of the and were descended from the spoken by inhabitants of Europe.

Apr 23, 2015  Vikings were people from Scandinavia who left their homeland and traveled by longboat to other countries, mostly Britain and Ireland. They invaded Britain in AD 793 and lasted till 1066. The first place the Vikings raided in Britain was the monastery at Lindisfarne. Since the Vikings were pagans and not Christians, so they raided many monasteries. The first people we know of that definitely lived in Cork were the monks in an ancient monastery there. In the 7th and 8th centuries, there was no city, just some marshy islands on the River Lee. There were no bridges in Cork in 600 AD and 700 AD, so people had to find a shallow part of the river to walk or ride across.

In and parts of western, as well as the, people were speaking an early form of known as. There may have been another language spoken by the until the 8th century in what is today, but Celtic or some other Indo-European language are more likely to have been spoken there. In, and southwest Scotland, the Celtic were spoken, with modern descendants such as.

In the area north of the Forth and Clyde rivers, which constitutes a large portion of modern-day Scotland, dwelled the Picts who spoke the language. Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish, all of which can be found in, views are conflicted as to whether Pictish was a Celtic language like those spoken further south, or perhaps even a non-Indo-European language like. However, most inscriptions and place names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture. Most peoples of Britain and Ireland had already predominantly converted to from their older, pre-Christian religions. In contrast to the rest of the isles though, much of southern Britain was considered to be part of, where migrants from continental Europe had settled during the 5th century CE, bringing with them their own (known as ), a polytheistic religion and their own distinct cultural practices. By the time of the Viking incursions though, Anglo-Saxon England too had become mostly Christian.The Isle of Man had supported its own agrarian population, but it is widely believed that it was Brythonic-speaking before Old Irish (later to become ) spread there. Could have taken place before the Viking age or perhaps during it, when the area was settled by Norse-Gaels who practised their own culture.In northern Britain, in the area roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland, lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms: the,.

The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland, with major populations concentrated between the and the, as well as in,. The Scots were, according to written sources, a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from in the north of Ireland during the late 5th century. Archaeologists have not been able to identify anything that was unique to the kingdom of the Scots, noting similarities with the Picts in most forms of material culture. The Britons were those dwelling in the, in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England, and by the 7th or 8th centuries, these had apparently come under the political control of the Anglo-Saxons.By the mid-9th century, Anglo-Saxon England was divided into four separate and independent kingdoms:, and, the last of which was the strongest military power. Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time, with society being rigidly hierarchical.

This class system had a king and his at the top, under whom were the, or landholders, and then the various categories of agricultural workers below them. Beneath all of these was a class of slaves, who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population. The majority of the populace lived in the countryside, although a few large towns had developed, namely and, which were centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration. There were also a number of trading ports, such as and, where foreign trade took place. Scandinavia.

A 20th century replica of a Viking longship, known as theSociety in 8th century Scandinavia was, unlike parts of the British Isles, still pre-literate, existing in the final stages of European, known to archaeologists as the. In Scandinavia, the 8th century proved to be 'a period of rapid technological, economic and social development' which would lead the region out of the Iron Age and into what has come to be known as the.At the start of the Early Medieval period, the Norse populations saw themselves primarily as inhabitants of specific locations, such as,. Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments.Archbishop on the sacking of Lindisfarne.The first known account of a Viking raid in Anglo-Saxon England comes from 787, when three ships from (in modern Norway) landed in the on the southern coast of Wessex.

They were approached by the royal from, whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom, and they proceeded to kill him. It is likely that there were other raids (the records of which have since been lost) soon afterwards, for in 792 King began to make arrangements for the defence of Kent from raids perpetrated by 'pagan peoples'.The next recorded attack against the Anglo-Saxons came the following year, in 793, when the monastery at, an island off England's eastern coast, was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June. The following year they sacked the nearby.In 795 they once again attacked, this time raiding off Scotland's west coast. This monastery was attacked again in 802 and 806, when 68 people living there were killed. After this devastation, the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled to in Ireland.In the first decade of the 9th century AD, Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts of Ireland. In 835, the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the.

England Runestones. (865–78).(1015–16).(1066).Norse armies captured York, one of the two major cities in Anglo-Saxon England, in 866. Many Anglo-Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands, and surrendered land to Norse settlers. In addition, many areas in eastern and northern England – including a majority of the Kingdom of Northumbria – came under the direct rule of Viking leaders or their puppet kings.King, who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings, died in 871 and was succeeded on the throne of Wessex by his younger brother,. The Viking king of Northumbria, (Old English: Healfdene) – one of the leaders of the Viking Great Army (known to the Anglo-Saxons as the ) – surrendered his lands to a second wave of Viking invaders in 876. In the next four years, Vikings gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well.

King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces, but was driven back into in the south-west of his kingdom in 878, where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of.Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Norse monarch of East Anglia, at the (May 878). In 886, the Wessex and the Norse-controlled, East Anglian governments signed the, which established a boundary between the two kingdoms.

The area to the north and east of this boundary became known as the because it was under Norse political influence, whilst those areas south and west of it remained under Anglo-Saxon dominance. Alfred's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or, began the construction of a navy, and organised a militia system (the ) whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service at any one time. To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation and conscription system known as the.In 892, a new Viking army, with 250 ships, established itself in and another army of 80 ships soon afterwards in.The army then launched a continuous series of attacks on Wessex. However, due in part to the efforts of Alfred and his army, the kingdom's new defences proved to be a success, and the Viking invaders were met with a determined resistance and made less of an impact than they had hoped. By 896, the invaders dispersed - instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria, with some instead sailing to.Alfred's policy of opposing the Viking settlers continued under his daughter, who married, and also under her brother, King (reigned 899-924). In 920 the Northumbrian government and the Scots government both submitted to the military power of Wessex, and in 937 the led to the collapse of Norse power in northern Britain.Edward's son became king of the English in 939.

However, when Edmund was killed in a brawl, his younger brother, of Wessex took over as king. Then in 947 the Northumbrians rejected Eadred and made the Norwegian (Eirik Haraldsson) their king.

Eadred responded by invading and ravaging Northumbria. When the Saxons headed back south, Eric Bloodaxe's army caught up with some them at and made 'great slaughter '. Eadred threatened to destroy Northumbria in revenge, so the Northumbrians turned their back on Eric and acknowledged Eadred as their king. The Northumbrians then had another change of heart and accepted as their ruler, only to have Eric Bloodaxe remove him and become again.

Then in 954 Eric Bloodaxe was expelled for the second and final time by Eadred. Bloodaxe was the last Norse king of Northumbria.

Norse settlement in the British Isles The early Norse settlers in Anglo-Saxon England would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo-Saxon populace, wearing specifically Scandinavian styles of jewellery, and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing. Norse and Anglo-Saxon men also had different hairstyles: Norsemen's hair was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front, whilst the Anglo-Saxons typically wore their hair long. Second invasion: 980–1012. The word 'Viking' is a historical revival; it was not used in Middle English, but it was revived from Old Norse vikingr 'freebooter, sea-rover, pirate, Viking', which usually is explained as meaning properly 'one who came from the fjords' from vik 'creek, inlet, small bay' (cf. Old English wic, Middle High German wich 'bay', and the second element in Reykjavik).

But Old English wicing and Old Frisian wizing are almost 300 years older, and probably derive from wic 'village, camp' (temporary camps were a feature of the Viking raids), related to Latin vicus 'village, habitation'. Graham-Campbell and Batey suggest that '.true Vikings are those who took part in Viking raids.A Viking base, is thus a base from which Vikings went raiding, but a Norse settlement in Scotland is a settlement occupied by people of Scandinavian origin.' .

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Worcester MSS D for AD 948 says- 'And when the king Eadred was on his way home, the raiding army Eric Bloodaxe, which was in York, overtook the king's army at Castleford and a great slaughter was made there.' . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Bloodaxe was 'driven out' from Northumbria; however other sources claim that he was also killed'Citations. Blair, Peter Hunter (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.).

Cambridge, UK and New York City, USA: Cambridge University Press. Crawford, Barbara E. Scandinavian Scotland.

Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Leicester University Press. DeVries, Kelly (2003). The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. & Batey, Colleen E. Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

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(2006). Why Alfred Burned the Cakes.

London: Profile Books. (1991). Viking Age England. Batsford and English Heritage.

Keynes, Simon (1999). Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell.

Pp. 460–61. Panton, Kenneth J. Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. Pearson, William (2012). Erik Bloodaxe: His Life and Times: A Royal Viking in His Historical and Geographical Settings.

Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Starkey, David (2004). The Monarchy of England. London: Chatto & Windus.External links.

Brief summary (WS15 PC2):Vikings: expert sailors from Scandanavia. hit-and-run attacks on island/coastal settlements and monasteries for riches and supplies, returning to Scandanavia for winter. similar attacks after sailing upstream. spending winter in Ireland. settling in Ireland (founding settlements such as Dublin). assimilating.

Results: new towns, increased trade and an effect on language, place andfamily names and Celtic artBrian Boru. first true High King of Ireland. defended Ireland against a new wave of Vikings in the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. The Vikings were expert sailors who came from different parts ofScandinavia.

Due to over-population and shortage of cultivable land, they were forcedto look for more territory in the beginning of the eighth century and began raiding and plundering coastal areas of neighbouring countries.The first four decades after the first attack (795 - 835), the raids followed aclear pattern of hit-and-run, meaning that the attackers quickly escaped aftertheir raid. These raids often concerned monasteries because they were rich inland, stock and supplies. See: the Book of Kells. The attacks on the monasteries came as a terrible shockto the monks, who expected God to protect them from thebrutal, pagan Vikings. To protect themselves, the monks are thought to havebuilt round towers, some of which can still be seen in Ireland today. Othermonasteries moved to the inland sites which were considered to be safer.

Thismarked the beginning of two hundred years of attack and invasion andinterrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture.Second Phase of Viking Attacks. Brian Boru is one of those names that everyone in Ireland knows, even though many may not know exactly why he was so important. He was King of Munster in the late tenth century and decided that he wanted to be High King of Ireland. This title had existed for centuries, though no one person had ever had control of the entire island. He set out and joinedforces with or defeated all the other kings of Irish provinces in battles and wassoon recognized as the High King of Ireland.

He was the first person to unite all of Ireland under one ruler, though it was very short-lived.The second thing he is remembered for is defending Ireland against the new wave of (Danish) Vikings. As High King, he was able to fuse the disparate Irish forces into one single army, with whichhe fought the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014.

Although Boru's forces won, he himself waskilled shortly after the battle ended. After the Battle of Clontarf, Ireland wasonce again separated into small kingdoms and the new Viking threat inIreland decreased, while older bases flourished and prospered as trading spots andbecame major cities.Results of the settlements and attacks of the Vikings on theIrishThe Vikings created settlements which grew into towns such as Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Wexford and Limerick. These townsbecame focal points for trade, and the Vikings soon invented metal coinsfor buying and selling. They also had a great influence on language, place andfamily names and Celtic artWhat happened to the Vikings?In general, the Vikings either;. assimilated or. turned their attentions to Britain.SourcesBook:Ireland - Fullyupdated second edition (by Peter Neville)Internet:.