Scramble For Africa

The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa or the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, occupation, division, and by powers during a short period known to historians as the (between 1881 and 1914). In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under formal European control; by 1914 this had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent, with only (Abyssinia), the (a portion of present-day ) and remaining independent. There were multiple motivations for European colonizers, including desire for valuable resources available throughout the continent, the quest for national prestige, tensions between pairs of European powers, religious missionary zeal and internal African native politics.The of 1884, which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the ultimate point of the Scramble for Africa. Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning, or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa. The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from 'informal imperialism' by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule, bringing about colonial.

Early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against theBy 1840, European powers had established small trading posts along the coast, but they seldom moved inland, preferring to stay near the sea and mainly just used the continent for trade. Large parts of the continent were essentially uninhabitable for Europeans because of the high mortality rates from diseases such as malaria. In the middle decades of the 19th century, European explorers had mapped areas of and.Even as late as the 1870s, Western European states controlled only ten percent of the African continent, with all their territories located near the coast.

The most important holdings were and, held by Portugal; the, held by the United Kingdom; and, held. By 1914, only and remained independent of European control.Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas.

Start studying The Scramble for Africa. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The Scramble for Africa was a term coined to describe the great rush in the late 19tth Century by the European powers to claim a slice of the African continent.

Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication, especially in the forms of steamships, railways and telegraphs. Medical advances also played an important role, especially medicines for.

The development of, an effective treatment for, made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans. Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by 'informal imperialism', was also attractive to Europe's ruling elites for economic, political and social reasons. During a time when Britain's showed a growing deficit, with shrinking and increasingly continental markets due to the (1873–96), Africa offered, and other countries an open market that would garner them a: a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall.Surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas, where cheap materials, limited competition, and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible.

Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials, especially, cotton, rubber, diamonds, tea, and, to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent. Additionally, Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. However, in Africa – excluding the area which became the in 1910 – the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small, compared to other continents. Consequently, the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small, apart from 's. Rhodes had carved out for himself; later, and with considerable brutality, exploited the.These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the, and, who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and caused by shrinking continental markets. Argued in that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global 'New Imperialism' period., however, disagrees with the link made between and, arguing that is used mostly to promote state-led development rather than 'corporate' development.

He has stated that 'imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets. Historically there has been a closer link between colonialism/imperialism and state-led approaches to development.' Strategic rivalry. Italian aircraft in action against Ottoman forces during the in the.Italy of parts of in 1870 and 1882. In 1889–90, it occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa, forming what would become.

In the disorder that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Gen. Occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of a new colony of Eritrea, with capital Asmara in substitution of Massawa. When relations between Italy and Ethiopia deteriorated, the broke out in 1895; Italian troops were defeated as the Ethiopians had numerical superiority, better organization, and support from Russia and France. In 1911, it engaged in a, in which it acquired and, that together formed what became known as. In 1919 – who fully supported the war, and later merged his group in the early (PNF) – developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism, supposed to legitimise Italy's imperialism by a mixture of with:We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes; that is to say, there are nations whose living conditions are subject.to the way of life of other nations, just as classes are. Once this is realised, nationalism must insist firmly on this truth: Italy is, materially and morally, a proletarian nation.The (1935–36), ordered by the Fascist, would actually be one of the last colonial wars (that is, intended to colonise a country, as opposed to )occupying – which had remained the last independent African territory, apart from Liberia.

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Was annexed as part of.Crises prior to World War I. 's explorations, carried on by, excited imaginations with Stanley's grandiose ideas for colonisation; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required, except from, who in 1876 had organised the (the Congo Society). From 1869 to 1874, Stanley was secretly sent by Leopold II to the region, where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the. Leopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of. In his version of 'native' dress, photographed byWhile Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Leopold II of Belgium, the Franco-Italian marine officer travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded in 1881, thus occupying today's.

Portugal, which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native, made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society's access to the Atlantic.By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between and, and was looking to push south down the from Stanleyville. At the same time, the of was expanding north from the, sending the (guided by ) through, and starting a colony in.To the west, in the land where their expansions would meet, was, site of the of. Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area, and traded large quantities of copper, ivory and slaves – and rumors of gold reached European ears. The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period. Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by, who was rebuffed, and, who failed to reach Katanga. Leopold sent four CFS expeditions. First, the could only extract a vaguely worded letter.

The was rebuffed. The well-armed was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri's consent. Msiri refused, was shot, and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a 'barbaric lesson' to the people. The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a 'police presence' in Katanga. Thus, the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres (890,000 sq mi), about 75 times larger than Belgium.

The Congo Free State imposed such a on the colonised people, including mass killings and forced labour, that Belgium, under pressure from the, ended Leopold II's rule and annexed it on 20 August 1908 as a colony of Belgium, known as the. Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off.The of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State, now the, was well documented; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908.According to the former Irish diplomat, this depopulation had four main causes: 'indiscriminate war', starvation, reduction of births and diseases. Ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower.Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably. As the first census did not take place until 1924, it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period. Set it at three million. Wrote: 'More basically, it appears almost certain that the population figures given by are inaccurate. There is, of course, no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century, and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses.

Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible.' See for further details including numbers of victims.A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo. Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies, whose brutal methods, along with the introduction of disease, resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population. The French government appointed a commission, headed by de Brazza, in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony. However, de Brazza died on the return trip, and his 'searingly critical' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public.

In the 1920s, about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory. Entrance to Suez Canal, showing De Lesseps' statueFrench diplomat had obtained many concessions from, the of Egypt and Sudan, in 1854–56, to build the Suez Canal.

Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000, but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue and disease, especially. Shortly before its completion in 1869, Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest. By 1875, he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal. The shares were snapped up by Britain, under its, who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway. When Isma'il repudiated Egypt's foreign debt in 1879, Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country, forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate, and installing his eldest son in his place. The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention.During the 1870s, European initiatives against the caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of forces.

In 1881, the erupted in Sudan under, severing Tewfik's authority in Sudan. The same year, Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the. In 1882, Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance, commencing Britain's administration of Egypt. A joint British-Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898.

Thereafter, Britain (rather than Egypt) seized effective control of Sudan.Berlin Conference (1884–85). Child in a British during the (1899–1902)Britain's administration of Egypt and the contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the. Egypt was taken over by the British in 1882 leaving the Ottoman Empire in a nominal role until 1914, when London made it a protectorate.

Egypt was never an actual British colony., and were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century; and in the south, the Cape Colony (first acquired in 1795) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics. Annexed the (or Transvaal) in 1877 for the British Empire, after it had been independent for twenty years. In 1879, after the, Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of. The Boers protested, and in December 1880 they revolted, leading to the (1880–81). British Prime Minister signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881, giving self-government to the in the Transvaal. The of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal. The, fought between 1899 and 1902, was about control of the gold and diamond industries; the independent Boer republics of the and the South African Republic (or Transvaal) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire.The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of (modern day ) eastward, through the along the southern border of the Sahara, a huge desert covering most of present-day,.

Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the to the Nile, thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara. The British, on the other hand, wanted to link their possessions in (modern South Africa, and ), with their territories in (modern ), and these two areas with the Nile basin.

Leader of the Mahdists. This fundamentalist group of Muslim dervishes overran much of and British forces.The Sudan (which included most of present-day Uganda) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions, especially since Egypt was already under British control. This 'red line' through Africa is made most famous. Along with, the British colonial minister in South Africa, Rhodes advocated such a 'Cape to Cairo' empire, linking the Suez Canal to the mineral-rich Southern part of the continent by rail. Though hampered by German occupation of until the end of World War I, Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire.If one draws a line from to (Rhodes's dream), and one from to the (now, and Somalia), (the French ambition), these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near, explaining its strategic importance. In short, Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the, while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan, which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the to the.A French force under arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda, soon followed by a British force under, commander in chief of the British Army since 1892. The French withdrew and continued to press claims to other posts in the region.

In March 1899, the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence. Moroccan Crisis.

The Moroccan, who led the resistance to French expansionism during theThe 1906 was called to settle the dispute. Of the thirteen nations present, the German representatives found their only supporter was. France had firm support from Britain, the US, Russia, Italy and Spain. The Germans eventually accepted an agreement, signed on 31 May 1906, whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas.However, five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis (or ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat to the port of on 1 July 1911. Germany had started to attempt to surpass 's – the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined.

When the British heard of the Panther's arrival in Morocco, they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic.The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the kingdom, where France's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference. In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France's position in Morocco in return for territory in the colony of (now the ).and subsequently established a full over Morocco (30 March 1912), ending what remained of the country's formal independence. Furthermore, British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo-German estrangement, deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War.Dervish resistance. Statue of Sayyid (the 'Mad Mullah'), leader of theFollowing the at the end of the 19th century, the, and sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate, the and the.The movement was a state established by, a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes. This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers.

The Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. Due to these successful expeditions, the Dervish movement was recognised as an ally by the and empires. The also named Hassan of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire.After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the as a direct consequence of Britain's use of aircraft.

Herero Wars and the Maji-Maji Rebellion. Surviving, emaciated, after their escape through the desertBetween 1904 and 1908, Germany's colonies in and were rocked by separate, contemporaneous native revolts against their rule. In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large-scale reinforcements from Germany arrived, with the Herero rebels in German South-West Africa being defeated at the and the Maji-Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside, with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare. German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South-West Africa then resulted in a.In total, as many as 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Namaqua (50% of the total Namaqua population) either starved, died of thirst, or were worked to death in camps such as between 1904 and 1908.

Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population's wells whilst they were trapped in the.Colonial encounter. And a European. Some pygmies would be exposed in, such as displayed by in the.In its earlier stages, imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen. The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad. Various important political leaders, such as, opposed colonisation in its first years.

However, during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet, and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt. Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism, the caused by the pushed him to favor: the imperialists had become the 'parasites of '. In, then politician also adamantly opposed himself to it: he thought colonisation was a diversion from the 'blue line of the ' mountains, that is and the patriotic urge to reclaim the region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871. Clemenceau actually made 's cabinet fall after the 1885. According to in (1951), this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the which provided citizenship to its population. Thus, a tension between the will to respect human rights of the colonised people, as they may be considered as 'citizens' of the nation state, and the imperialist drive to cynically populations deemed inferior began to surface. Some, in colonising countries, opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself; as described in 's (1899) – published around the same time as 's – or in 's (1932).Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures.

In Germany, France, and Britain, the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market's growth. Even in lesser powers, voices like claimed a 'place in the sun' for so-called 'proletarian nations', bolstering and in an early prototype of.Colonial propaganda and jingoism Colonial exhibitions. Main article:The continuing in Western Europe became a reason and an excuse for the conquest and colonization of Africa. It was the central theme of the. During the Scramble for Africa, an early but secondary focus of all was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade.

In French West Africa, following conquest and abolition by the French, over a million slaves fled from their masters to earlier homes between 1906 and 1911. In Madagascar, the French abolished slavery in 1896 and approximately 500,000 slaves were freed. Slavery was abolished in the French controlled Sahel by 1911. Independent nations attempting to westernize or impress Europe sometimes cultivated an image of slavery suppression. In response to European pressure, the abolished slavery in 1900 and Ethiopia officially abolished slavery in 1932.

Colonial powers were mostly successful in abolishing slavery, though slavery remained active in Africa even though it has gradually moved to a economy. Slavery was never fully eradicated in Africa. Colonialism on the eve of World War I. Painting by, 1908During the New Imperialism period, by the end of the 19th century, Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles (23,000,000 km 2) – one-fifth of the land area of the globe – to its overseas colonial possessions. Europe's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except, and, the latter of which would be integrated into. Between 1885 and 1914, Britain took nearly 30% of Africa's population under its control; 15% for France, 11% for Portugal, 9% for Germany, 7% for Belgium and 1% for. alone contributed 15 million subjects, more than in the whole of or the entire German colonial empire.

In terms of surface area occupied, the French were the marginal leaders but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated.The political imperialism followed the economic expansion, with the 'colonial lobbies' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise. The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises, which finally exploded in August 1914, when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I.African colonies listed by colonising power. Following the in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the.The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to, which led to initial interest in.

Once these two areas were secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Control of the was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. (1899–1956). (now part of ).:.:. (1919–61). (now ). (now ).

(now ).:. (from 1915, now ). (1916–56, today part of ). (1922–61, now parts of and ). (now ). (now ). (now ).Independent stateswas the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a of the.

Liberia was founded, colonised, established and controlled by the, a private organisation established in order to relocate freed and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1822. Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26, 1847. Liberia is Africa's oldest, and the second-oldest black republic in the world (after ).maintained its independence from Italy after the which resulted in the in 1896.

With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by 's military forces, Ethiopia is Africa's oldest independent nation.Connections to Modern Day Events. Oil and gas concessions in – 2004Anti-neoliberal scholars connect the old scramble to a new scramble for Africa, coinciding with the emergence of a 'Afro-Neo-Liberal' capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa. When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era, their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear.

In most cases, the bulk of a nation’s economy relied on. These scholars claim that the decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally-dependent economic relations. They also claim that structural adjustment programs led to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems, forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market and that these factors led to development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics.

Petro-statesIn the era of, many African countries have emerged as petro-states (for example, ). These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil-rich African nations. Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period. Mary Gilmartin notes that “material and symbolic appropriation of space is central to imperial expansion and control”; nations in the era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in. Chinese (and other Asian countries) state oil companies have entered Africa’s highly competitive oil sector. Purchased 40% of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Furthermore, Sudan exports 50–60% of its domestically produced oil to, making up 7% of China’s imports.

China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields, invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa.

When using the Swing controller, you can modify it with the arrow buttons, depending on whether you want to send the ball to left field, center field, or right field, but at the risk of sounding redundant, timing is the most important thing here. Mlb 9 innings 19 grade update gold to diamond stone. It’ll take practice and getting used to, but what you want to avoid is swinging when the ball does NOT travel within the square that appears once the pitch comes the batter’s way.POW (Power — how hard your batter could hit the ball) is the statistic that determines a batter’s home run-hitting ability, so if you’re hoping to literally knock it out of the park, your best bet is to time your hits especially well when you’re controlling a batter with POW of 70 or greater. How can you hit for a good average and better yet, hit for power in this game?Although all batters are rated for CON (Contact — their ability to make contact with the ball) and EYE (Eye — how well they can determine whether to swing or not), everything boils down to how well you’re able to time your swing.

British Colonialism in Africa

Almostall of Africa was under European control in 1912.Europeans brought many developments to the country, such as technological andmedicine advances.[1] Britainadded about 4.3 million square miles of territory and 66million people to its African empire.[2] GreatBritain’s ultimate goal of colonizing Africa was the Suez Canal. WithBritain’s strategic colonization of Africa, there were advances in education, thegovernment, and technologies that in turn helped the African people.

WithoutBritain interfering in the education system in Africa, African people might nothave had opportunities to advance themselves in the social status. In regards to education, an example of whereBritain interfered was in the country Nigeria. Atfirst the British colonial government was unwilling to have a directinvolvement in the promotion of secondary education in Nigeria. To provide good general education, Britainestablished in 1909 King’s College in Lagos as a model for secondary school. Of course with many opportunities now availablefor graduate of a secondary school, colonial officials started to feelthreatened. In order to keep their authoritative positionthere was some criticism of African secondary school graduates which in turn helpedmake sure the authority of colonial officials was maintained.[6] ManyAfricans were anxious to acquire a Western education to qualify them for thenew skilled positions opening up in rapidly changing economy. Another example were Britain interfered was inEgypt. Some of the Egyptians were educated in Britainitself and some adopted not only the new ways of educating themselves, but alsothe language and clothing style that Britain brought with them.[7] Aftertheir studies they became lawyers and administrators on behalf of the British. All of this might not have been possible withoutBritain colonizing Africa. The government played a big role in howeducation was set up for the African people.

The British colonies were often subdivided into provincesheaded by provincial commissioners or residents, and then into districts headedby district officers or district commissioners. Lawsand policies on taxation, public works, forced labor, mining, agriculturalproduction, and other matters were made in London or in the colonial capitaland then passed down to the lower administrative levels for enforcement.[8]Indirect rule was used whengoverning West Africa. Lord Lugard, governor- generalof Nigeria, developed it, which is the largest and most populous British West Africancolony.[9] Thegovernor was responsible to the colonial office and the colonial secretary inLondon, from whom laws, policies, and programs were received. Due to the fact the British administrative staffwas so small, local chiefs and advisers were delegated the task of runningdaily matters of the government. A British official, who alsoensured that British interests in the area were upheld, supervised them. Central administrative organization or acolonial secretariat were responsible for different departments such asRevenue, Agriculture, Trade, Transport, Health, Education, Police, Prison, etc. The organized political systems helped governthe African people and made the colonization of Africa profitable. It wasn’t just a new government that Britainbrought to Africa, but they also arrived with new technologies.

Before technological advances in Africa arrived, theAfrican forces in general fought with bows, arrows, spears, swords, old rifles,and cavalries. Europeans on the other hand benefited from theIndustrial Revolution, they fought with more deadly firearms, machine guns, newrifles, and artillery guns.[10] Theindustrialization brought rapid advancement in communication andtransportation, especially in the forms of steam navigation, railways, andtelegraphs. Europeans brought several deadly diseases withthem when they started colonizing Africa. Medicalneeds also advanced to help with the rapid spread of these deadly diseases.The development of quinine, an effective treatment for malaria, allowed vastexpanses of the tropics to be accessed by Europeans. Britaindeveloped profitable industries which paved the way for industrialization ofmany of the African countries throughout the continent. Manyof the African markets in the current day are based on the industrial marketsof the imperialism era.The markets and the economy ofAfrica was improved because of these new technologies that were brought in fromGreat Britain.

The positive effects of colonial rule on Africans varied greatlyand differed from society to society. Somegroups benefited under conditions of the change.Education, government, and technologies were just a few areas that advancedduring the colonization of Africa. Nigeriaand Egypt welcomed the chances for a British education and cooperated with theBritish authorities. In Western Africa indirectrule was used and British officials oversaw local chiefs that delegated thedaily tasks.The Industrial Revolution brought on quick growthin communication, railways, and transportation.GreatBritain’s strategic colonization of Africa not only benefited Britain itself,but also the African society.

[1]Jenny DeReuck, “A politics of blood: The ‘white tribe’ of Africa and the recombinantnationalism of a colonizing.” ASouth-North Journal Of Cultural & Media Studies10, no. 2 (1996): 139.

[2]Richard Goff, Walter Moss, JaniceTerry, Jiu-Hwa Upshur, and Michael Schroeder. 'The European Conquest of Africa.'In The Twentieth Century And Beyond, 45-50. Seventh ed. New York:McGraw Hill, 2008.

[3]'Living in the British Empire: Africa.'The National Archives. : 1

[4]Jenny DeReuck, “A politics of blood: The ‘white tribe’ of Africa and the recombinantnationalism of a colonizing.” ASouth-North Journal Of Cultural & Media Studies10, no. 2 (1996): 140.

[5]Richard Goff, Walter Moss, JaniceTerry, Jiu-Hwa Upshur, and Michael Schroeder. 'The European Conquest ofAfrica.' In The Twentieth Century And Beyond, 45-50. Seventhed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.

[6]'Living in the British Empire: Africa.'The National Archives. (2011): 1

[7]'Living in the British Empire: Africa.'The National Archives. : 1

[8] EhiduIweriebor. 'The Colonization of Africa.' The Colonization of Africa. (2011): 1

[9]Richard Goff, Walter Moss, JaniceTerry, Jiu-Hwa Upshur, and Michael Schroeder. 'The European Conquest ofAfrica.' In The Twentieth Century And Beyond, 45-50. Seventhed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008.

[10]Ehidu Iweriebor. 'The Colonization of Africa.' The Colonization of Africa. (2011): 1

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